Luke

2025-07-17T15:47:36Z

Admin:

----
This is where you put your text
then add stuff
----

Luke

2025-07-17T15:47:18Z

Admin: Created page with "This is where you put your text then add stuff"

This is where you put your text
then add stuff

MalariaETC Index

2025-07-17T15:46:48Z

Admin:

----
''Click on an image or text to enter section''

<gallery mode="traditional" widths=160px heights=160px>
File:Biology.jpg|center|[[Malaria Biology|Biology of malaria infection]]|link=Malaria Biology
File:RDT.jpg|[[Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs)|RDT tests and their interpretation]]|link=Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs)
File:Gallery.jpg|[[Galleries|Galleries of parasite appearance]]|link=Galleries
File:Thick.jpg|[[Thick film interpretation|Interpretation of malaria thick films]]|link=Thick film interpretation
File:Species3.jpg|[[Species identification: summary page|Guide to species identification]]|link=Species identification: summary page
File:List.jpg|[[Index|Index of forms and descriptions]]|link=Index</gallery>
----

'''Feedback'''We would be very grateful if you could rate haematologyETC.org and leave us any comments: Here is the link:

[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdo1c1EGV4kyCLsfVtify8c56NKDBSknjPcp9HoZXhqQVf55A/viewform?usp=header|Use Link to provide feedback]

----

[[Luke]]

Practical reasons for test failure 1

2025-04-14T14:21:32Z

Admin: Created page with "{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}} ---- '''Navigation''' Main Malaria Index'' >RDT main page'' >>Multi Band Tests'' >>>Curr..."

Interpretation guide: MULTI BAND tests

2025-04-14T14:17:06Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}
----
'''Navigation'''
[[MalariaETC Index|Main Malaria Index]]''
>[[Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs)|RDT main page]]''
>>This page: '''Multi band RDT tests'''
----
Multi-band RDT tests
----

{| class="wikitable" style="border-style: none; border-width: 2px; border-color: gainsboro; color:black"
|colspan="1" style = "font-size:100%; color:black; background: gainsboro |'''RESULT PATTERN 1'''
|}
These are '''invalid tests''' No band appears in the control area (black arrow): 

<gallery mode="nolines" widths=80px heights=160px>
File:RDT_multi_fail1.jpg||link={{filepath:RDT_multi_fail1.jpg}}
File:RDT_multi_fail2.jpg||link={{filepath:RDT_multi_fail1.jpg}}
File:RDT_multi_fail3.jpg||link={{filepath:RDT_multi_fail1.jpg}}
File:RDT_multi_fail4.jpg||link={{filepath:RDT_multi_fail1.jpg}}
</gallery>
Irrespective of whether any other bands are present, this is always an invalid test: '''do not interpret.''' Report as failed testAction:
*Repeat the test
*Consider the reasons for [ [[Practical reasons for test failure 1|test failure]] ]


{| class="wikitable" style="border-style: none; border-width: 2px; border-color: gainsboro; color:black"
|colspan="1" style = "font-size:100%; color:black; background: gainsboro |'''RESULT PATTERN 2'''
|}

There has a '''valid control line''' (black arrow) showing a technically successful test, but '''no malaria bands are detected''' either the species specifc or pan malaria areas.

<gallery mode="nolines" widths=80px heights=160px>
File:RDT_multi_neg.jpg||link={{filepath:RDT_multi_neg.jpg}}
</gallery>

'''Most likely interpretation:''' No malaria parasites are present

'''Less likely but possible interpretations:'''
*Malaria infection is present, but is not detected because it is below the detection limit of the test
*Bands are present but may be faint and not seen by the operator


{| class="wikitable" style="border-style: none; border-width: 2px; border-color: gainsboro; color:black"
|colspan="1" style = "font-size:100%; color:black; background: gainsboro |'''RESULT PATTERN 3'''
|}

The test has '''valid control line''' (black arrow) and has bands in the '''pan-specific area''' and the '''species specific area''' (red arrows)

<gallery mode="nolines" widths=80px heights=160px>
File:RDT_multi_posPF1.jpg||link={{filepath:RDT_multi_posPF1.jpg}}
</gallery>

'''Most likely interpretation:''' The single species detected by the species specific band is present (this same species is also detected the pan-malaria band)

'''Less likely but possible interpretations:'''
*There are two species present in the sample (likelihood depends on country of origin, but is less likely) [ [[Co-infection with two species2|Co-infection with two species]] ]
*There is a false positive result causing both bands (unlikely) [ [[False positive reaction in RDT tests 2|False positive reaction in RDT tests]] ]

{| class="wikitable" style="border-style: none; border-width: 2px; border-color: gainsboro; color:black"
|colspan="1" style = "font-size:100%; color:black; background: gainsboro |'''RESULT PATTERN 4'''
|}

The test has '''valid control line''' (black arrow) and a '''band in the species-specific area only''' (red arrow)

<gallery mode="nolines" widths=80px heights=160px>
File:RDT_multi_posPF2.jpg||link={{filepath:RDT_multi_posPF2.jpg}}
</gallery>

'''Most likely interpretation:''' The species detected by the test is present and is the only malaria species infecting the individual

'''Less likely but possible interpretations:'''
*There is a dual-species infection, but the second species was not detected by the pan-specific band [ [[Co-infection with two species2|Co-infection with two species]] ]
*There is no active malaria, but patient recently received successful treatment and the antigen has not yet cleared [ [[Clearance of parasite antigens from blood 2|Clearance of parasite antigens from blood]] ]
*The "specific band" is a false positive result (infrequent but observed) [ [[False positive reaction in RDT tests 2|False positive reaction in RDT tests]] ]


{| class="wikitable" style="border-style: none; border-width: 2px; border-color: gainsboro; color:black"
|colspan="1" style = "font-size:100%; color:black; background: gainsboro |'''RESULT PATTERN 5'''
|}

The test has '''valid control line''' (black arrow) and a '''band in the pan-specific area only''' (red arrow)
<gallery mode="nolines" widths=80px heights=160px>
File:RDT_multi_pan1.jpg||link={{filepath:RDT_multi_pan1.jpg}}
</gallery>

'''Most likely interpretation:''' A malaria infection is detected (pan band), but is not caused by the species detected by the specific antibody (Sp band)

'''Less likely but possible interpretations:'''
*The species detected by the specific band is present (as a single infection or dual infection), but has not been detected by the specific band [ [[Prozone_effect_alt|Prozone-like effect]] ], [ [[HRP2_gene_deletion_alt|HRP2 gene deletion]] ]
*The "specific band" is a false positive result (infrequent but observed) [ [[False positive reaction in RDT tests 2|False positive reaction in RDT tests]] ]

----

Practical reasons for test failure alt

2025-04-13T20:30:30Z

Admin:

Practical reasons for test failure alt

2025-04-13T20:29:04Z

Interpretation guide: SINGLE BAND tests

2025-04-13T20:28:39Z

Admin:

Interpretation guide: SINGLE BAND tests

2025-04-13T20:27:50Z

Admin:

RDT test: formats of tests

2025-03-22T17:28:32Z

Admin:

2025-03-22T10:22:33Z

Admin:

Thick films - parasites identification

2025-03-22T10:21:51Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}
----
'''Navigation'''
>[[MalariaETC_Index|Main Malaria Index]]''
>>[[Thick film interpretation|Thick film - main page]]''
>>>Current page: '''Parasite identification using thick films'''

----
Recognising specific parasite features on malaria thick films

In some species and parasite forms the morphology will be better preserved allowing a more confident identification and assignment of either parasite developmental stage, species or associated species. This can vary within the preparation according to the thickness of the preparation and the relative rsistance to lysis. Some examples are given below:
'''NOTE:''' the images are at relatively low magnification - to view them properly please click on the image to view in larger annotated form, then use the "back" button on your browser to return to the referring page.

----
'''Early trophozoite forms''' (''P.ovale'')
<gallery mode="nolines" heights=200px widths=200px>
File:4 ET_PO.jpg|A|link={{filepath:4 ET_PO_detail.jpg}}
File:4 LT_PO.jpg|B|link={{filepath:4 LT_PO_detail.jpg}}
</gallery>
The early trophozoites shown on this thick-film image are well preserved with a well-defined chromatin dot and cytoplasm; in contrast to many examples found on thick films the infected red cell has resisted complete lysis allowing its outline to be distinguished and also the frequent (although less well defined) James' dots to be seen (as well as a suggestion of gold/brown pigment). This makes it possible to infer the species as likely to be ''P.ovale'' or ''P.vivax'' although a thin film would provide much greater diagnostic confidence and is recommended for species identification.
----
'''Late trophozoite forms''' (''P.vivax'' and ''P.ovale'')
<gallery mode="nolines" heights=200px widths=200px>
File:4 PV_ET.jpg|A|link={{filepath:4 PV_ET_detail.jpg}}
File:4 LT_PO_dots.jpg|B|link={{filepath:4 LT_PO_dots_detail.jpg}}
</gallery>
These examples show slightly better preservation than the early trophozoites in the previos example. Further supporting the detection of "species-specific" parasite features. For example A (''P.vivax'') the two visible parasite are large and almost fill the erythrocyte with irregularity of parasite form that distorts the ring shape; this accompanied by distortion of the shape of the containing erythrocyte and by the suggesion of Schuffner's dots in the red cell cytoplasm. The example cells in image B (''P.ovale'') also have large paraites with cytoplasmic dots in the erythrocyte, but with a relatively preserved ring form and round but fimbriated red cells.
----
'''Schizont forms'''
<gallery mode="nolines" heights=200px widths=200px>
File:4 PO_schizontLT.jpg|A|link={{filepath:4 PO_schizorLT_detail.jpg}}
File:4 schiz_PV.jpg|B|link={{filepath:4 schiz_PV_detail.jpg}}
</gallery>
Recognition of schizonts on thick films follows the same principle as on thin films - namely the recognition of cases where repeated cycles of replication result in the presence of multiple chromatin dots (generally requiring more than two dots, allowing schizonts to be distinguished from double-dot trophozoites). The disruption and lack of red cell outline that often occurs in thick films can complicate schizont recognition but schizont forms may nonetheless be identified. This is shown in the two examples (A and B) In each case the number of identifiable chromatin dots is relatively small but each has at least 4 recognisable discrete dots consitent with schizont origin.
----
'''Gametocyte forms'''
<gallery mode="nolines" heights=200px widths=200px>
File:4 PF_gametocyte_b.jpg|B|link={{filepath:4 PF_gametocyte_b_detail.jpg}}
File:5 PO_gametocyte.jpg|B|link={{filepath:5 PM_gametocyte_detail.jpg}}
</gallery>
The elongated and often curved gametocytes of ''P.falciparum'' (A) are distinctive and easily recognised on thick films since the differ markedly from other features. However, the more round chromatin/cytoplasmic shape of the gametocytes in other species is more challenging to recognise, although the presence of malaria pigment can help draw attention to them and distinguish them from poorly preserved lymphocytes (B).
----
'''Malaria pigment'''
<gallery mode="nolines" heights=200px widths=200px>
File:5 PM_gametocyte.jpg|A|link={{filepath:5 PO_gametocyte_detail.jpg}}
File:5 Pigment_neut.jpg|B|link={{filepath:5 Pigment_neut_detail.jpg}}
</gallery>
Malaria pigment may be lost from parasites during thick film preparation so is not always observed. However, when present it can be highly distictive based on colour and density and is not a feature of normal blood films. When observed within parasitised erythocytes (as in image A) the pigment can allow their identification irrespective of the ability to otherwise recognise the parasite (in fact this is almost certainly a gemetocyte of ''P.malariae'' with a typical circumferential pigment distribution). Pigment may also be observed taken up by phagocytic cells (B) where it is a good indicator of likely malaria infection ([[Phagocytosed_malaria_pigment_Thick|see phagocytosed malaria pigment]]).
----

Phagocytosed malaria pigment Thick

2025-03-22T10:20:03Z

Admin: Created page with "---- {| class="wikitable" style="widthe:90%; border-style: solid; border-width: 4px; border-color:teal" |colspan="1" style = "font-size:140%; color:black; background: FFFAFA"|'''Phagocytosis of malaria pigment''' ---- Malaria pigment is formed by parasites to detoxify the iron portion of digested haemoglobin, appearing as an insoluble brown or golden clump. Following schizont rupture this insoluble material is..."

----
{| class="wikitable" style="widthe:90%; border-style: solid; border-width: 4px; border-color:teal"
|colspan="1" style = "font-size:140%; color:black; background: FFFAFA"|'''Phagocytosis of malaria pigment'''

----
Malaria pigment is formed by parasites to detoxify the iron portion of digested haemoglobin, appearing as an insoluble brown or golden clump. Following schizont rupture this insoluble material is released into the circulation. Below is an image of a rupturing schizont, the red cell membrane will soon lose its integrity releasing both merozoites the pigment (arrowed) will also be released into blood.
<gallery mode="nolines" widths="220px" heights="220px" >
File:Mp1.jpg|Rupturing schizont of ''P.malariae''|link={{filepath:Mp1.jpg}}
</gallery>
----
The released pigment is seen as "foreign" material by the immune system and is recognised and ingested by phagocytes (neutrophils or monocytes) where it appears in the cytoplasm and may be visible on thin or thick malaria film preparations. The appearance has some species-specificity, but of more importance when found it should be regarded as evidence to support malaria infection.

<gallery mode="nolines" widths="220px" heights="220px" >
File:Mp2.jpg|Thin film: monocyte pigment|link={{filepath:Mp2.jpg}}
File:Mp3.jpg|Thin film: neutrophil pigment|link={{filepath:Mp3.jpg}}
File:Mp4.jpg|Thick film: neutrophil pigment|link={{filepath:Mp4.jpg}}
</gallery>

Thick films - parasites identification

2025-03-22T10:19:40Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}
----
'''Navigation'''
>[[MalariaETC_Index|Main Malaria Index]]''
>>[[Thick film interpretation|Thick film - main page]]''
>>>Current page: '''Parasite identification using thick films'''

----
Recognising specific parasite features on malaria thick films

In some species and parasite forms the morphology will be better preserved allowing a more confident identification and assignment of either parasite developmental stage, species or associated species. This can vary within the preparation according to the thickness of the preparation and the relative rsistance to lysis. Some examples are given below:
'''NOTE:''' the images are at relatively low magnification - to view them properly please click on the image to view in larger annotated form, then use the "back" button on your browser to return to the referring page.

----
'''Early trophozoite forms''' (''P.ovale'')
<gallery mode="nolines" heights=200px widths=200px>
File:4 ET_PO.jpg|A|link={{filepath:4 ET_PO_detail.jpg}}
File:4 LT_PO.jpg|B|link={{filepath:4 LT_PO_detail.jpg}}
</gallery>
The early trophozoites shown on this thick-film image are well preserved with a well-defined chromatin dot and cytoplasm; in contrast to many examples found on thick films the infected red cell has resisted complete lysis allowing its outline to be distinguished and also the frequent (although less well defined) James' dots to be seen (as well as a suggestion of gold/brown pigment). This makes it possible to infer the species as likely to be ''P.ovale'' or ''P.vivax'' although a thin film would provide much greater diagnostic confidence and is recommended for species identification.
----
'''Late trophozoite forms''' (''P.vivax'' and ''P.ovale'')
<gallery mode="nolines" heights=200px widths=200px>
File:4 PV_ET.jpg|A|link={{filepath:4 PV_ET_detail.jpg}}
File:4 LT_PO_dots.jpg|B|link={{filepath:4 LT_PO_dots_detail.jpg}}
</gallery>
These examples show slightly better preservation than the early trophozoites in the previos example. Further supporting the detection of "species-specific" parasite features. For example A (''P.vivax'') the two visible parasite are large and almost fill the erythrocyte with irregularity of parasite form that distorts the ring shape; this accompanied by distortion of the shape of the containing erythrocyte and by the suggesion of Schuffner's dots in the red cell cytoplasm. The example cells in image B (''P.ovale'') also have large paraites with cytoplasmic dots in the erythrocyte, but with a relatively preserved ring form and round but fimbriated red cells.
----
'''Schizont forms'''
<gallery mode="nolines" heights=200px widths=200px>
File:4 PO_schizontLT.jpg|A|link={{filepath:4 PO_schizorLT_detail.jpg}}
File:4 schiz_PV.jpg|B|link={{filepath:4 schiz_PV_detail.jpg}}
</gallery>
Recognition of schizonts on thick films follows the same principle as on thin films - namely the recognition of cases where repeated cycles of replication result in the presence of multiple chromatin dots (generally requiring more than two dots, allowing schizonts to be distinguished from double-dot trophozoites). The disruption and lack of red cell outline that often occurs in thick films can complicate schizont recognition but schizont forms may nonetheless be identified. This is shown in the two examples (A and B) In each case the number of identifiable chromatin dots is relatively small but each has at least 4 recognisable discrete dots consitent with schizont origin.
----
'''Gametocyte forms'''
<gallery mode="nolines" heights=200px widths=200px>
File:4 PF_gametocyte_b.jpg|B|link={{filepath:4 PF_gametocyte_b_detail.jpg}}
File:5 PO_gametocyte.jpg|B|link={{filepath:5 PM_gametocyte_detail.jpg}}
</gallery>
The elongated and often curved gametocytes of ''P.falciparum'' (A) are distinctive and easily recognised on thick films since the differ markedly from other features. However, the more round chromatin/cytoplasmic shape of the gametocytes in other species is more challenging to recognise, although the presence of malaria pigment can help draw attention to them and distinguish them from poorly preserved lymphocytes (B).
----
'''Malaria pigment'''
<gallery mode="nolines" heights=200px widths=200px>
File:5 PM_gametocyte.jpg|A|link={{filepath:5 PO_gametocyte_detail.jpg}}
File:5 Pigment_neut.jpg|B|link={{filepath:5 Pigment_neut_detail.jpg}}
</gallery>
Malaria pigment may be lost from parasites during thick film preparation so is not always observed. However, when present it can be highly distictive based on colour and density and is not a feature of normal blood films. When observed within parasitised erythocytes (as in image A) the pigment can allow their identification irrespective of the ability to otherwise recognise the parasite (in fact this is almost certainly a gemetocyte of ''P.malariae'' with a typical circumferential pigment distribution). Pigment may also be observed taken up by phagocytic cells (B) where it is a good indicator of likely malaria infection [[Phagocytosed_malaria_pigment_Thick|see phagocytosed malaria pigment]].
----

Phagocytosed malaria pigment

2025-03-22T10:17:16Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}
----
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 60%; border-style: none; border-width: 0px; border-color: gainsboro; color:black"
|style = "font-size:110%; color:black; background: gainsboro |'''Navigation'''
|-
|>[[Index|Previous Page]]''
|-
|}

----
{| class="wikitable" style="widthe:90%; border-style: solid; border-width: 4px; border-color:teal"
|colspan="1" style = "font-size:140%; color:black; background: FFFAFA"|'''Phagocytosis of malaria pigment'''

----
Malaria pigment is formed by parasites to detoxify the iron portion of digested haemoglobin, appearing as an insoluble brown or golden clump. Following schizont rupture this insoluble material is released into the circulation. Below is an image of a rupturing schizont, the red cell membrane will soon lose its integrity releasing both merozoites the pigment (arrowed) will also be released into blood.
<gallery mode="nolines" widths="220px" heights="220px" >
File:Mp1.jpg|Rupturing schizont of ''P.malariae''|link={{filepath:Mp1.jpg}}
</gallery>
----
The released pigment is seen as "foreign" material by the immune system and is recognised and ingested by phagocytes (neutrophils or monocytes) where it appears in the cytoplasm and may be visible on thin or thick malaria film preparations. The appearance has some species-specificity, but of more importance when found it should be regarded as evidence to support malaria infection.

<gallery mode="nolines" widths="220px" heights="220px" >
File:Mp2.jpg|Thin film: monocyte pigment|link={{filepath:Mp2.jpg}}
File:Mp3.jpg|Thin film: neutrophil pigment|link={{filepath:Mp3.jpg}}
File:Mp4.jpg|Thick film: neutrophil pigment|link={{filepath:Mp4.jpg}}
</gallery>

2025-03-22T10:10:08Z

Admin:

Phagocytosed malaria pigment

2025-03-21T09:04:23Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}
----
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 60%; border-style: none; border-width: 0px; border-color: gainsboro; color:black"
|style = "font-size:110%; color:black; background: gainsboro |'''Navigation'''
|-
|>[[Index|Previous Page]]''
|-
|}

----
{| class="wikitable" style="widthe:90%; border-style: solid; border-width: 4px; border-color:teal"
|colspan="1" style = "font-size:140%; color:black; background: FFFAFA"|'''Phagocytosis of malaria pigment'''

----
The malaria pigment formed by parasites to detoxify the iron contained in the haem portion of digested haemoglobin is an insoluble brown or golden clump or clumps of pigment. Following schizont rupture this insoluble material is released into the circulation. Below is an image of a rupturing schizont, the red cell membrane will soon lose its integrity releasing both merozoites the pigment (arrowed) will also be released into blood.
<gallery mode="nolines" widths="220px" heights="220px" >
File:Mp1.jpg|Rupturing schizont of ''P.malariae''|link={{filepath:Mp1.jpg}}
</gallery>
----
The released pigment is seen as "foreign" material by the immune system and is recognised and ingested by phagocytes (neutrophils or monocytes) where it appears in the cytoplasm and may be visible on thin or thick malaria film preparations. The appearance has some species-specificity, but of more importance when found it should be regarded as evidence to support malaria infection.

<gallery mode="nolines" widths="220px" heights="220px" >
File:Mp2.jpg|Thin film: monocyte pigment|link={{filepath:Mp2.jpg}}
File:Mp3.jpg|Thin film: neutrophil pigment|link={{filepath:Mp3.jpg}}
File:Mp4.jpg|Thick film: neutrophil pigment|link={{filepath:Mp4.jpg}}
</gallery>

2025-03-21T08:51:37Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}
----
[[Biology Quiz A Q4|Go to Previous Question]]
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; border-style: solid; border-width: 2px; border-color:teal"
|colspan="1" style = "font-size:130%; color:black; background: FFFAFA"|'''Biology Quiz A Q5'''
The final stage of the malaria lifecycle is the re-infection of a mosquito that bites an infected host. This still has some relevance to diagnosis under particular circumstances.
<gallery mode="nolines" widths=200px heights=250px>
File:Mosquito uptake.jpg|link={{filepath:Mosquito uptake.jpg.jpg}}
</gallery>
<quiz display=simple>

{Concerning gametocytes which statements are correct? ('''select all true statements''')
|type="[]"}
- Schizonts mediate infection of mosquitos
+ Sexual replication activates at low pH
+ Microgametocytes undergo exflagellation
+ Exflagellation may be seen in stored blood
+ Macrogametocytes aggregate in stored blood
</quiz>

{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Explanation of correct answer (click "Expand")
|-
|''Short answer taken from section "Re-infection of the mosquito" (see the section for full details and links).''When a mosquito feeds from a malaria infected host, the blood meal will contain parasites of all forms. Importantly these forms include male and female gametocytes. The pH and temperature changes with the mosquito midgut cause the gametocytes to gain full sexual maturity (gametogenesis). The male gametocyte then undergoes 3 cycles of division to generate 8 male sexual forms (gametes). These then 8 gametes then "break out" of the male microgametocytes in a process known as exflagellation, and fuse with the female oocyte (derived from the macrogametocyte). Then following successful fusion move to the next stage of development with the mosquito gut wall. Finally the parasite enter the salivary glands of the mosquito as sporozoites where a new infection can be initiated.If samples of blood undergo delayed spreading then the changes to pH and temperature caused by storage may partly mimic the conditions within the mosquito midgut leading to changes that would only normally be seen in the mosquito. Some may be difficult to recognise but are clearly atypical in appearance, others such as "exflagellation" have very clear appearances. It is important to be able to recognise these forms as they can cause confusion and misdiagnosis: The initial stage involves both the male microgametocytes and female macrogametocytes swelling and becoming more globular (these often clump together). The following stages are quite recognisable for the male gametocte as the male gametes burst from the erythrocytes in the process of exflagellation.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:300px; border-left:solid 4px navy;border-right:solid 4px navy;border-top:solid 4px navy;border-bottom:solid 4px navy; font-size:90%; color:navy; align:center"
|colspan="1" style = "font-size:90%; color:black|[[Biology_Quiz_Summary|NEXT PAGE]]

Biology Quiz A Q4

2025-03-21T08:49:54Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}
----
[[Biology Quiz A Q3|Go to Previous Question]]
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; border-style: solid; border-width: 2px; border-color:teal"
|colspan="1" style = "font-size:130%; color:black; background: FFFAFA"|'''Biology Quiz A Q4'''
On completion of their growth and maturation as trophozoites, a proportion of parasites mature into the sexual (gametocyte) stage that will be concluded within the gut of the mosquito. The stage may form male or female forms which have different size.
<gallery mode="nolines" widths=200px heights=250px>
File:Biology_Gametocyte.jpg|link={{filepath:Biology_Gametocyte.jpg}}
</gallery>
<quiz display=simple>

{Concerning gametocytes which statements are correct? ('''select all true statements''')
|type="[]"}
- The stage arises from schizonts
+ In ''P.falciparum'' they have a "rod" shape
- Microgametocytes are the female form
- Pigment generally forms a single clump
- Red cell size is generally normal
</quiz>

{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Explanation of correct answer (click "Expand")
|-
|''Short answer taken from section "Gametocyte Biology" (see the section for full details and links).''A proportion of mature trophozoites give rise to the sexual gametocyte form, contained within ghost red cells (they have metabolised all haemoglobin in order to grow) - The red cell is therefore now simply a membrane that surrounds the parasite without any red colour, but generally retains any cytoplasmic dots typical of the species. Malaria pigment that represents the metabolised haem iron is prominent with different distributions that reflect the species. The appearance of gametocytes does vary according to species and this can aid morphological species identification with red cell appearances typical of the species, and (in the case of ''P.falciparum'' a distinctive straight or curved rod shape.
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:300px; border-left:solid 4px navy;border-right:solid 4px navy;border-top:solid 4px navy;border-bottom:solid 4px navy; font-size:100%; color:navy; align:center"
|colspan="1" style = "font-size:90%; color:black|[[Biology_Quiz_A_Q5|Go to next question (5 of 5)]]